Migrant students in the United States navigate a complex landscape of rights and challenges as they pursue their education. With immigration debates intensifying, it’s crucial to understand their legal protections, particularly as of April 9, 2025. Federal laws ensure access to education for all children, regardless of immigration status. However, barriers persist, often fueled by policy shifts and enforcement practices.
Recent trends reflect both progress and setbacks. The 1982 US Supreme Court ruling in Plyler v. Doe guarantees free public education for undocumented students, a landmark decision that has been upheld despite ongoing attempts to challenge it. However, with nearly 5.1 million K-12 students having at least one undocumented parent, and over 407,000 undocumented students enrolled in higher education, their rights remain a focal point amid evolving immigration policies.
Legal Foundations Protecting Migrant Students
The Plyler v. Doe decision is the cornerstone of migrant students’ rights, affirming that states cannot deny education based on citizenship status. Reinforced by the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Fourth Amendment, schools are obligated to provide equal access and maintain safe environments. The US Department of Education (ED) and Department of Justice (DOJ) regularly issue guidance to remind school districts of these obligations, particularly during Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) operations.
Beyond K-12 education, according to National Data on Immigrant Students, immigrant-origin students — both first- and second-generation — comprise 32% of higher education enrollees as of 2022, driving 90% of enrollment growth since 2000. Federal laws also protect English learners (ELs), who numbered over five million in US schools during the 2021-22 school year, ensuring they receive the necessary language support to succeed academically.
Challenges in the Classroom and Beyond
Despite legal safeguards, migrant students face significant challenges. Zero-tolerance policies and the presence of school resource officers (SROs)— as per the National Center for Education Statistics more than 52,000 nationwide — can entangle students in what is known as the “school-to-deportation pipeline.” For example, minor incidents, like doodling, have led to deportations, disproportionately affecting low-income students of color. Attendance often drops after ICE raids, with one school in the Tri-State area reporting a 50% decline in attendance the day after an operation.
International students on visas, such as those recently targeted for deportation, face challenges with detention and visa revocations. Louisiana, which holds the second-highest number of ICE detainees in the U.S. (over 7,000 across nine private detention facilities), has been accused of human rights abuses, complicating these students’ legal battles. Only Texas surpasses Louisiana in the number of detainees, making the state a key hub for immigration detention, particularly following a surge during the previous administration.
Supporting Migrant Students’ Success
States and educators are stepping up to support migrant students. Eight states now publish detailed immigrant student data, helping allocate resources effectively, while the ED’s Newcomer Toolkit offers strategies for providing social-emotional support. Advocates are pushing for the removal of SROs and ending data-sharing practices with ICE, emphasizing the importance of schools as safe havens. With immigration policies under scrutiny, safeguarding migrant students’ rights requires vigilance, compassion, and adherence to federal protections, fostering their academic and economic success.
Key Rights of Migrant Students in the US
Based on the information provided and widely recognized legal frameworks, here are the key rights to which migrant students, particularly undocumented or immigrant-origin students, are entitled under federal law. Although there isn’t a single document titled “Migrant Students’ Rights” consolidating all these rights, they are derived from landmark court rulings, federal statutes, and guidance from agencies like the US Department of Education (ED) and Department of Justice (DOJ). Here’s a detailed breakdown:
• Right to Free Public K-12 Education: Established by the 1982 Supreme Court ruling in Plyler v. Doe, all children—regardless of immigration status—are guaranteed access to free public education. States cannot deny enrollment based on lack of documentation such as Social Security numbers.
• Equal Protection Under the Law: The 14th Amendment ensures migrant students receive the same educational opportunities as US citizens, prohibiting discrimination based on immigration status.
• Protection from Discriminatory Enforcement: The 1964 Civil Rights Act’s Title VI bans discrimination based on race, color, or national origin. This provision applies to migrant students, particularly English learners (ELs), ensuring fair treatment in schools.
• Language Assistance for English Learners: Federal law, including the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974, mandates that schools provide language support to over five million ELs, helping them overcome linguistic barriers to academic success.
• Safe School Environment: The Fourth Amendment protects students from unreasonable searches and seizures, meaning schools cannot freely share student information with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) unless legally compelled.
• Access to Higher Education: While undocumented students are ineligible for federal financial aid, they can still attend college, and some states offer in-state tuition or state aid to eligible immigrant students.
